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Pogba has not played a single minute for Juventus this season after rejoining the club from Manchester United, having injured his knee during pre-season.
The 29-year-old originally opted against surgery but changed his mind last September in order to have his meniscus repaired ahead of the World Cup.
However, upon medical examination, it appears the midfielder remains in need of further rehabilitation and will not be available for selection.
"Following yesterday and today's medical review in Torino and Pittsburgh, it is extremely painful to inform Paul Pogba will still need recovery time from his surgery," agent Rafaela Pimenta said.
"For this reason, Paul will not be able to join (the) Juventus squad before the World Cup break nor the French national team in Qatar. If wishful thinking would change things, Paul would be playing tomorrow."
Didier Deschamps will now be without Pogba and N'Golo Kante for France's title defence in Qatar, one that begins with a game against Australia on November 23.
Aurelien Tchouameni and Adrien Rabiot are among Deschamps' preferred combinations in their absence, though his squad is yet to be confirmed.
France are also due to face Denmark and Tunisia in Group D at the World Cup.